COMPUTER SCIENCE

Q1. Which of the following is a universal gate?  a) AND b) OR c) XOR d) NAND Answer: (d) NAND (NOR is also a universal gate)   Q2. Which characteristic best describes an analog signal? a) It is discrete in nature. b) It has only two states (HIGH/LOW). c) It is continuous and can take any value within a range. d) It uses binary coding exclusively. Answer: (c) It is continuous and can take any value within a range. Q3. In digital electronics, a logic HIGH typically represents which binary value? a) 0 b) -1 c) 1 d) 50% duty cycle Answer: (c) 1 Q4. The number system with a base of 2 is called: a) Decimal b) Octal c) Hexadecimal d) Binary Q5. A group of 8 bits is known as a: a) Nibble b) Word c) Byte d) Kilobyte Answer: (c) Byte Q6. Which of the following systems is immune to noise compared to others? a) Analog systems b) Digital systems c) Hybrid systems d) Linear systems Answer: (b) Digital systems Q7. Which basic logic gate implements the Boolean expression \(X=A+B\)? ...

Digital electronics is a field of electronics involving the study of digital signals and the engineering of devices that use or produce them.  Digital electronics is comprises of two words  1. Digital and 2. Electronics Where the term digital refers to something that is related to digital technology. And Digital Technology is based upon  zero's and one's to represent and process information. Branch of physics concerned with the design, development & systems that uses electricity. What is logic gate? 1. A logic gate is a device that acts as a building block for digital circuits. They perform basic logical functions that are fundamentals to digital circuits. Most electronic devices we use today have some form of logical gates in them. 2. George bool was the inventor of the idea of the logic gates.  3. Logic gates are electronic circuits designed by using electronic components like transistors, diodes, registers & more.

  ✅ UNIT–I: SPREADSHEETS — Important Questions Short Questions What is the difference between a worksheet and a workbook? Define relative, absolute and mixed cell referencing with examples. What are Named Ranges? How are they created? What are common formula errors in Excel (e.g., #DIV/0!, #VALUE!)? What is the purpose of Data Consolidation? What is the use of Page Breaks in spreadsheet printing? Define Data Series and Data Points in charts. What is a Sparkline? What is Goal Seek? What do you mean by OLE (Object Linking and Embedding)? Long Questions Explain various types of cell referencing and show their usage with examples. Discuss the steps involved in creating, modifying and formatting Pivot Tables. Explain any five categories of functions in Excel with examples. What is What-If Analysis? Explain Data Tables, Scenario Manager and Goal Seek. Describe chart elements and explain how charts can be formatted. Explain methods of pr...

  Q1. The energy gap in a semiconductor is typically of the order of: a) 10 eV b) 5 eV c) 1 eV ✅ d) 0.01 eV Q2. A PN junction acts as a: a) Rectifier ✅ b) Amplifier c) Oscillator d) Filter Q3. In forward bias, the width of the depletion region: a) Increases b) Decreases ✅ c) Remains constant d) Becomes zero Q4. In reverse bias, the current through a PN junction is mainly due to: a) Majority carriers b) Minority carriers ✅ c) Both d) None Q5. A transistor can be used as a: a) Switch ✅ b) Resistor c) Capacitor d) Diode Q6. The configuration of a transistor that provides the highest current gain is: a) Common Base b) Common Collector c) Common Emitter ✅ d) None of these Q7. TTL stands for: a) Transistor Transistor Logic ✅ b) Transistor Tuned Logic c) Triode Transistor Logic d) Transient Trigger Logic Q8. Which of the following logic families has the lowest power consumption? a) TTL b) ECL c) CMOS ✅ d) RTL Q9. In a digital circuit, a diode can act as a: a) Amplifier b) Switch ✅ c) Filt...

                                                                      UNIT – I: Fundamentals of Semiconductor Physics Short Answer / 2 Marks Questions Q1.What is the difference between a conductor, semiconductor, and insulator based on energy bands? Q2. Define intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Q3. What is a depletion region in a pn-junction diode? Q4.What happens to a pn-junction diode under forward bias and reverse bias? Q5. What is the use of a diode as a switch? Q6. Define transistor and its types. Q7. What are the three configurations of a BJT? Q8. Define saturation and cutoff region of a transistor. Q9.What are Integrated Circuits (ICs)? Q10.Compare TTL, ECL, and CMOS logic families (any two differences). Long Answer / 5–10 Marks Questions Q11. Explain the formation of ...

  Q1.Which of the following is not a characteristic of a computer? a) Accuracy b) Diligence c) Intelligence d) Speed → Answer: c) Intelligence Q2.The first generation of computers used a) Transistors b) Vacuum tubes c) Integrated Circuits d) Microprocessors → Answer: b) Vacuum tubes Q3. Which of the following is a microcomputer? a) Laptop b) Mainframe c) Supercomputer d) Minicomputer → Answer: a) Laptop Q4. The ALU of a computer performs a) Logic and arithmetic operations b) Storage functions c) Data transfer d) Input-output operations → Answer: a) Logic and arithmetic operations Q5. The brain of a computer is: a) CPU b) Monitor c) Keyboard d) Hard Disk → Answer: a) CPU Q6. Which component interprets and executes instructions? a) Control Unit b) ALU c) Memory Unit d) Input Unit → Answer: a) Control Unit Q7. The speed of the processor is measured in a) Hertz b) Bits c) Bytes d) Seconds → Answer: a) Hertz Q8. Which of the following represents the fifth generation of computers? a) Vac...

 Q1. What is OOP? Ans Object-Oriented Programming focuses on objects and classes rather than procedures. Q2.What is a class? Ans A class is a blueprint for creating objects. Q3. What is an object? Ans An object is an instance of a class. Q4. What is encapsulation? Ans Encapsulation is binding data and methods together in a single unit. Q5.What is inheritance? Ans Inheritance allows a class to acquire properties and behavior of another class. Q6. What is polymorphism? Ans The ability of functions or operators to behave differently based on context. Q7. What is overloading? Ans. Defining multiple functions with the same name but different parameters. Q8. How is C related to C++? Ans. C++ is an extension of C that adds object-oriented features. Q9. What is the use of cout? Ans cout is used for displaying output on the screen. Q10 What is the use of cin? Ans cin is used for taking input from the user. Q11. What is a preprocessor directive? Ans A statement that begins with # and is proc...

                                                                                                                         UNIT-1 Q1. What is the need for Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)? Q2. Explain the differences between the procedural and object-oriented approach. Q3. What are the main characteristics of OOP? Q4.Define the following terms with examples: a) Object b) Class c) Inheritance d) Polymorphism Q5. What is reusability in OOP? Give an example. Q6. What are the advantages of OOP over structured programming? Q7. What is the relationship between C and C++? Q8.What are preprocessor directives? Give examples. Q9. Explain the us...

 Q1. Who is called the Father of Computers?    Ans  Charles Babbage. Q2. What is processor speed measured in? Ans  Hertz (Hz), usually in GHz. Q3. What are registers? Ans Small high-speed memory locations inside the CPU. Q4. What is the full form of ALU? Ans Arithmetic Logic Unit. Q5. What is EPROM? Ans Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Q6. What does CD-R stand for? Ans Compact Disc – Recordable. Q7. What does DVD stand for? Ans Digital Versatile Disc. Q8. What is OCR? Ans Optical Character Recognition – reads printed text. Q9. What is OMR? Ans Optical Mark Recognition – reads marks on answer sheets or forms. Q10. What is MICR? Ans Magnetic Ink Character Recognition – used in bank cheques. Q11. What is a joystick? Ans  A pointing device used for gaming and simulation. Q12. What is a digitizer? Ans Converts drawings into digital data. Q13. What is a CRT monitor? Ans Cathode Ray Tube monitor – uses electron beams to display images. Q14. What is an LCD m...

                                                                                                                                                                     UNIT-1   Q1 . Explain the block diagram of a computer system and describe the functions of each component in detail. Q2.   Describe the different generations of computers and discuss the major technological developments in each generation. Q3. Compare the different types of computers – micro, mini, mainframe, and supercomput...

   The OSI model is a layered framework for the design of network systems that design allows for communication across all types of computer systems. It consists of seven separate but related layers, each of which defines a segment of the process of moving information across a network. Understanding the fundamentals of the OSI model provides a solid basis for the exploration of data communication. Layered Architecture build of seven ordered layers physical layer data link layer network layer  transport layer session layer presentation layer application layer As the message transfer from one device to another device, it may pass through many intermediate nodes. These intermediate nodes usually involve only the 1st three layers of OSI models. In developing the model, the designers distilled the process of transmitting data down to its most fundamental elements. They identified which networking function had related users and collected functions into discrete groups that becam...

 If you are looking for the most important general computer science acronyms short forms you are in the right place. Here we have mentioned some popular full forms you must know. These are also important from a competitive examination point of view. Computer Hardware Related Acronyms Short Form          Full Form AMD         Advanced Micro Devices ATA           Advanced Technology Attachment ATX         Advanced Technology Extended CD           Compact Disc CD-ROM Compact Disc-Read-Only Memory CD-RW         Compact Disc-Rewritable CPU         Central Processing Unit DVD         Digital Versatile Disc DVD-ROM Digital Video Disc-Random Access Memory DVD-ROM Digital Video Disc-Read Only Memory DVD-R         Digital Video Disc-Recordable DVD-RW Digital Video ...

Those threats pop-ups may be irritating, but they're there to ensure your computer can stop, and counterbalance malware warnings. Imagine you’re relaxing at your computer, catching up with the news, when a little box pops up on your screen. It’s a safety warning, also, possibilities are, you merely click out of it without a second thought.   But could neglecting these signs be putting your computer or your private data in danger? Hackers can cause a lot of trouble with even the smallest amount of private information. Here is everything a hacker can do with just your email address. Why they’re very easy to ignore? Pop-ups notifications are a big annoyance. Continue to the point that you have little or no idea what those updates and threats really intend, and it makes it intriguing to neglect them. Except it’s one of the obvious signs you’re about to be hacked. It’s difficult to take them seriously. Director at Kumo Digital, Mathew Porter describes the three kinds of warnings you’...

Rational agent approaches Artificial intelligence is defined as the study of a relational agent. A rational agent could be anything that makes decisions like a person, firm, machine, or software. It acts with the best outcome percept. (agents perceptual inputs at a given instance) An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. The environment may contain other agents. An agent is anything that can be viewed as : Perceiving its environment through sensors and Acting upon that environment through actuators. Note Every agent can perceive its own actions(but not always the effects) It will run in cycles of perceiving, thinking, and acting. Take humans for eg, we perceive our environment through our five senses (sensors), we think about it, and then act using our body parts (actuators). Similarly, robotic agents perceive the environment through sensors that we provide them it can the camera, microphones, infrared detectors. They do some computing(thinking) and...

 Turing Test in Artificial Intelligence  Alan Turing (computer scientist) introduce the Turing test in 1950. Turing test is used to determine whether or not a computer (machine) can think intelligently like humans? Visualize a game of three players having two humans and one computer, an interrogator (as a human) is isolated from the other two players. The interrogator's job is to try and figure out which one is human and by asking questions from both of them. The interrogator is limited to a response to written questions to make the determination. The chat between interrogator and computer would be like this: A) Interrogator: Are you a computer? B) computer: No. If a human interrogator wouldn't be able to distinguish to answer provided by both human and computer, then the computer passes the test, and the machine(computer) is considered as intelligent as a human. But in the year 1980, Mr. Johan Searle proposed the Chinese room argument. He argued ...